Analyses drawing on pooled observational research and large population datasets were pointing in the same direction by the third year of the pandemic. People who’d contracted Covid faced a statistically higher risk of cognitive impairment—and, in older age groups, dementia-level decline—compared with those in matched control groups, even months or years after infection. The evidence was indirect, drawn from cognitive testing, health records and symptom surveys. But the pattern was consistent: The brain didn’t always bounce back.
The long-term effects were most pronounced in older adults and people who’d been seriously ill. After Covid, many faced new memory problems and a loss of independence, particularly those who were in nursing homes. Blood tests in older patients also began turning up proteins linked to Alzheimer’s disease, raising fears that Covid could speed up neurological conditions the health-care system is already struggling to manage.