I had a college graduate hired into the phone company at 3rd level didn't know a damn thing bout how to keep phone lines working 24/7 to support global communications with universal coverage from anyone with a phone making decisions on how to route service 24/7 telling the persons trained to keep the infrastructure going and building to match the ever growing population and need for staying connected to the technology and meet social demands.
this is how I learned the separation of factual possibilities and actual evolving results regardless the "reality" because when people lose their connection to communicate all hell breaks loose.
Oops, I forgot to give you his philosophy abut managing outcomes forward.
" I don't need to know your job, I only have to know how to manage you for the time you are doing it.". This was said in 1976.